Document Type : Review Articles
Authors
1
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering University, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
2
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan.
3
Department of Zoology, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
4
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government college university Lahore, Pakistan
5
Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
6
Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
7
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences
8
Government College University Faisalabad
Abstract
Background: Among prokaryotes, Actinomycetes are one of the most explored microorganism due to their capability of novel bioactive secondary metabolites production. Actinomycetes secondary metabolites are known for their role in different cellular, physiological and biological processes.
Main body: Actinomycetes are most widely distributed in natural ecosystem habitats such as soil, hypersaline soil, rhizosphere soil, freshwater, limestone, volcanic cave, marine sediments, sponges, and desert. Actinomycetes bioactive secondary metabolites most important features are that they have specific microbial producers, diverse bioactivities and unique chemical structures. Some important antibiotics produced by actinomycetes are actinomycetin, mycetin, micromonosporin and from actinomyces are lysozyme, actinomycin, streptothricin, proactinomycin and streptomycin. These antibiotics differ greatly in their structure, antimicrobial and toxicity properties. Actinomycetes secondary metabolites include spirotetronate, quinones, lactams, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, diketones, aromatic ketones, ansamycin, glycopeptides, lactones, Tetracenediones, anthracyclines, macrolides, fattiviracins, polyenes and tetracyclines, natural polycyclic polyketide.
Conclusion: This review study summarized that Actinomycetes are naturally distributed species found in diverse environments. It is assumed that actinomycetes species found in extreme conditions have the capability to produce novel bioactive secondary metabolites that remain unexplored yet.
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